How many bones are there in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

A. 206 — The adult human body has 206 bones. At birth, a baby has approximately 270-300 bones, but many fuse together during growth and development. By adulthood (around age 25), the number stabilizes at 206. The process of bone fusion is called synostosis. The skeletal system forms the framework of the body, supports soft tissues, protects vital organs, and enables movement.

What is the longest bone in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Femur — The Femur (thigh bone) is the longest, largest, and strongest bone in the human body. It extends from the hip joint to the knee joint. The femur bears the entire weight of the body when standing. Its average length in an adult male is approximately 45-50 cm. The femur also contains the largest amount of red bone marrow, making it a major site of blood cell production.

What is the smallest bone in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Stapes — The Stapes (stirrup bone) is the smallest bone in the human body, measuring approximately 3 mm in length. It is located in the middle ear and is one of the three ossicles (small bones) - Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrup). These three bones transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The stapes is shaped like a stirrup, hence the name.

Which of the following is the hardest substance in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Tooth Enamel — Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the human body. It covers the crown of the tooth and is composed of 96% hydroxyapatite (a crystalline calcium phosphate mineral). Despite being the hardest substance, enamel is brittle and cannot regenerate once damaged, as it contains no living cells. Bone is the second hardest structure. Enamel protects the softer dentine and pulp beneath it.

How many bones are present in the human skull? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 22 — The human skull consists of 22 bones in total: Cranial bones (8) - protect the brain (Frontal, Parietal x2, Temporal x2, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid) and Facial bones (14) - form the face (Maxilla x2, Mandible, Zygomatic x2, Nasal x2, Lacrimal x2, Palatine x2, Inferior nasal conchae x2, Vomer). The Mandible (lower jaw) is the only movable bone of the skull.

Which is the only movable bone in the skull? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Mandible — The Mandible (lower jaw bone) is the only movable bone in the skull. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth. The mandible articulates with the temporal bone at the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), which allows movements for chewing (mastication), speaking, and swallowing. All other bones of the skull are fused together by immovable joints called sutures.

How many vertebrae are present in the human vertebral column? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 33 — The human vertebral column (spine) consists of 33 vertebrae in children, but in adults several fuse: Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5 fused into 1 sacrum), Coccygeal (4 fused into 1 coccyx). Total = 7+12+5+5+4 = 33. In adults, the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse, leaving 26 bones in the adult vertebral column.

How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 12 — The human rib cage consists of 12 pairs (24 ribs total): True ribs (1-7): 7 pairs - directly attached to sternum via costal cartilage. False ribs (8-10): 3 pairs - attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib (not directly to sternum). Floating ribs (11-12): 2 pairs - not attached to sternum at all. The rib cage protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels and assists in breathing.

What is the scientific study of bones called? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

A. Osteology — Osteology is the scientific study of bones and the skeletal system. Related terms: Arthrology = study of joints, Myology = study of muscles, Orthopaedics = medical specialty dealing with bone and joint disorders, Rheumatology = study of joint and autoimmune diseases, Osteitis = inflammation of bone. Osteology is important in anatomy, anthropology, forensic science, and palaeontology.

What is the main mineral found in bones? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Calcium phosphate (Hydroxyapatite) — Bones are primarily composed of Calcium phosphate in the form of Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], which gives bones their hardness and rigidity. Bone composition: Inorganic (mineral) component = ~65-70% (mainly hydroxyapatite). Organic component = ~30-35% (mainly collagen fibres - Type I collagen) that provide flexibility and tensile strength. The combination of hard minerals and flexible collagen makes bone both strong and slightly flexible.

What is the function of red bone marrow? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) — Red Bone Marrow is the site of haematopoiesis - the production of all blood cells including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. In adults, red bone marrow is found in flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, and vertebrae, and at the ends (epiphyses) of long bones. Yellow Bone Marrow (found in the shaft of long bones) is primarily a fat storage tissue but can convert to red marrow during severe blood loss.

What type of joint is the knee joint? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Hinge joint — The knee joint is a hinge joint - it allows movement in one plane only (flexion and extension), like the hinge of a door. Types of synovial joints: Ball and socket (Hip, Shoulder - movement in all directions), Hinge (Knee, Elbow, Ankle - flexion/extension only), Pivot (Neck atlas-axis - rotation only), Gliding (Wrist carpal bones - sliding movement), Saddle (Thumb carpometacarpal - biaxial movement), Condyloid (Wrist joint - biaxial movement).

What type of joint is the hip joint? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Ball and socket joint — The hip joint is a ball and socket joint - the rounded head of the femur (ball) fits into the cup-shaped acetabulum of the pelvis (socket). This joint allows movement in all directions - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The shoulder joint is also a ball and socket joint and is the most mobile joint in the body. Ball and socket joints are multiaxial joints.

What is the function of cartilage in joints? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Reduce friction and act as shock absorber between bones — Cartilage is a smooth, flexible connective tissue that reduces friction between articulating bone surfaces in joints, acts as a shock absorber (especially in the knee - meniscus), provides smooth surface for joint movement, and forms the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) in children. Types: Hyaline (joint surfaces, trachea), Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, knee meniscus), Elastic (ear, epiglottis). Cartilage has no blood supply - heals very slowly when damaged.

What connects bone to bone? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Ligament — Ligaments are tough, fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bone to bone at joints, providing stability and limiting excessive movement. They are composed mainly of collagen fibres. Ligament = Bone to Bone (mnemonic: Ligament = Locks bones together). Tendon = Muscle to Bone (mnemonic: Tendon = connects muscle To bone). Cartilage = Cushions between bones. Ligament injuries (sprains) are common in the knee and ankle joints.

What connects muscle to bone? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Tendon — Tendons are strong, inelastic fibrous connective tissue cords that connect muscles to bones. They transmit the pulling force of muscle contraction to move the bone. Tendons are composed of dense regular collagen fibres. The largest tendon in the body is the Achilles Tendon (calcaneal tendon) - connects the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus). Tendon injuries are called tendinitis (inflammation) or ruptures.

How many bones are present in the human hand (one hand)? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 27 — Each human hand contains 27 bones: Carpals (wrist bones) = 8 bones (arranged in 2 rows), Metacarpals (palm bones) = 5 bones, Phalanges (finger bones) = 14 bones (3 per finger x 4 fingers + 2 for thumb). Total = 8 + 5 + 14 = 27 bones per hand. Both hands together = 54 bones, making the hands the most bone-rich region of the body. The hand's complex bone structure allows for precise and varied movements.

What is Osteoporosis? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. A condition where bones become weak and brittle due to loss of bone density — Osteoporosis (meaning porous bones) is a condition where bone density decreases, making bones weak, brittle, and prone to fractures. It occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds bone formation. Risk factors: Age (most common in elderly), Post-menopausal women (due to decreased oestrogen), Calcium and Vitamin D deficiency, Physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol. Prevention: adequate calcium and Vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise.

B. Softening of bones due to Vitamin D deficiency

What is Rickets? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Softening and weakening of bones in children due to Vitamin D deficiency — Rickets is a bone disease in children caused by Vitamin D deficiency (or calcium/phosphorus deficiency). Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption. Without it, bones cannot mineralize properly, leading to soft, weak, deformed bones, bowed legs (genu varum), enlarged skull (Craniotabes), delayed tooth eruption, and rachitic rosary (beading of ribs). In adults, the same deficiency causes Osteomalacia (softening of bones). Both are prevented by Vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure.

A. A bone disease caused by excess calcium

How many cervical vertebrae are present in the human neck? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 7 — There are 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) in the human neck. Almost all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae regardless of their neck length - even a giraffe has only 7 (but much longer) cervical vertebrae. Special cervical vertebrae: C1 = Atlas (supports the skull, allows nodding - yes motion) and C2 = Axis (has the odontoid process/dens, allows rotation - no motion). The pivot joint between Atlas and Axis allows head rotation.

What type of joint allows rotation only? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Pivot joint — A Pivot joint allows rotational movement only around a single axis. Examples: Atlanto-axial joint (between C1-Atlas and C2-Axis) = allows rotation of the head (shaking head 'no'). Radioulnar joint (proximal) = allows rotation of the forearm (pronation and supination). Hinge joint = flexion/extension (knee, elbow). Ball and socket = all directions (hip, shoulder). Gliding joint = sliding (wrist, ankle).

The human vertebral column has how many natural curves? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 4 — The adult human vertebral column has 4 natural curvatures: Cervical curve (convex forward/lordosis - neck region), Thoracic curve (concave forward/kyphosis - chest region), Lumbar curve (convex forward/lordosis - lower back region), and Sacral curve (concave forward/kyphosis - pelvic region). These curves provide strength, balance, and shock absorption. Abnormal curvatures: Scoliosis (lateral curve), Kyphosis (hunchback), Lordosis (swayback).

Which bone is also known as the 'funny bone'? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Humerus — The Humerus (upper arm bone) is commonly called the funny bone - though the sensation comes from the ulnar nerve that passes over the medial epicondyle of the humerus. When bumped, it causes a tingling, electric shock-like sensation in the arm and fingers (ring and little finger). The name funny bone is a pun on the word humorous (resembling humerus). The humerus articulates with the scapula above and radius/ulna below.

What is the medical term for a broken bone? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Fracture — A Fracture is the medical term for a broken or cracked bone. Types: Simple (Closed) = bone breaks but doesn't pierce skin. Compound (Open) = broken bone pierces through skin. Greenstick = incomplete fracture (common in children). Stress fracture = tiny crack from repetitive stress. Comminuted = bone shatters into multiple fragments. Sprain = stretched/torn ligament, Dislocation = bone displaced from joint, Strain = stretched/torn muscle/tendon.

How many bones are present in the human foot (one foot)? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. 26 — Each human foot contains 26 bones: Tarsals (ankle/heel bones) = 7 bones (including Calcaneus/largest tarsal/heel bone and Talus). Metatarsals = 5 bones (form the arch of the foot). Phalanges (toe bones) = 14 bones (3 per toe x 4 toes + 2 for big toe). Total = 7 + 5 + 14 = 26 bones per foot. Both feet together = 52 bones - about 25% of all bones in the body are in the feet.

Which of the following bones protects the brain? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Cranium — The Cranium (braincase) is the part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. It is composed of 8 cranial bones: Frontal (1 - forehead), Parietal (2 - top and sides of head), Temporal (2 - sides and base), Occipital (1 - back of head, contains foramen magnum), Sphenoid (1 - base of skull), Ethmoid (1 - between nasal cavity and brain). Together they form a rigid protective case for the brain.

What is the name of the joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra (Atlas)? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Atlanto-occipital joint — The Atlanto-occipital joint is the joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the C1 (Atlas) vertebra. It is a condyloid joint that allows nodding movement (flexion/extension - yes motion). The Atlantoaxial joint (between C1-Atlas and C2-Axis) allows rotation of the head (pivot joint - no motion). The Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone (jaw joint).

What is Arthritis? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Inflammation of one or more joints causing pain and stiffness — Arthritis is a condition characterized by inflammation, pain, stiffness, and reduced movement in joints. Common types: Osteoarthritis (OA) = most common, degeneration of joint cartilage due to wear and tear (common in elderly). Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) = autoimmune disease where immune system attacks joint lining (synovium). Gouty Arthritis (Gout) = caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in joints (especially big toe). Psoriatic Arthritis = associated with psoriasis.

The sternum (breastbone) is connected to the ribs by? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Costal cartilage — The sternum (breastbone) is connected to the true ribs (ribs 1-7) by costal cartilage - strips of hyaline cartilage. This cartilaginous connection allows the rib cage to expand and contract during breathing while maintaining structural integrity. The sternum has three parts: Manubrium (top - connects to clavicles and first two ribs), Body (middle - connects to ribs 2-7), and Xiphoid process (bottom - the lowest, smallest part).

What is the function of synovial fluid in joints? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Lubricate joint surfaces and reduce friction — Synovial fluid is a thick, viscous fluid found in synovial joints (freely movable joints). Its functions: Lubrication (reduces friction between articulating cartilage surfaces), Nutrition (supplies nutrients to avascular cartilage), Shock absorption (cushions against impact), and Waste removal (removes metabolic waste from cartilage). It is produced by the synovial membrane (inner lining of the joint capsule). Synovial joints include the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow.

What is the axial skeleton? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Bones forming the central axis of the body - skull vertebral column and rib cage — The skeletal system is divided into two parts: Axial Skeleton (80 bones) - forms the central axis (skull 22, vertebral column 26, rib cage 25: 24 ribs + 1 sternum, hyoid bone 1, and ossicles 6). Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) - bones of the limbs and girdles (pectoral girdle 4, upper limbs 60, pelvic girdle 2, lower limbs 60). Total = 80 + 126 = 206 bones.

A. Bones of the limbs and girdles

D. Bones of the pelvic girdle only

What is the appendicular skeleton? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Bones of the limbs and their girdles — The Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) consists of: Pectoral (shoulder) girdle = Clavicle + Scapula (x2 each) = 4 bones. Upper limbs = Humerus, Radius, Ulna, 27 hand bones (x2) = 60 bones. Pelvic girdle = Hip bones (x2, each formed by Ilium+Ischium+Pubis) = 2 bones. Lower limbs = Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, 26 foot bones (x2) = 60 bones. Total = 4 + 60 + 2 + 60 = 126 bones.

A. Bones of the skull and vertebral column

What is the kneecap called? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Patella — The Patella is the triangular-shaped kneecap bone located at the front of the knee joint. It is a sesamoid bone - a bone that develops within a tendon (the quadriceps tendon). The patella protects the knee joint from injury, improves mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps muscle (increases leverage), and articulates with the femur to form the patellofemoral joint. Dislocation or fracture of the patella is a common sports injury.

Which bone forms the heel of the foot? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Calcaneus — The Calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest bone in the foot and the largest of the tarsal bones. It forms the heel of the foot and bears most of the body's weight when walking. The Achilles tendon (the largest tendon in the body) attaches to the posterior surface of the calcaneus. A calcaneal (heel) fracture typically occurs from a fall from height landing on the feet.

What is Gout? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. A type of arthritis caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in joints — Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricaemia (excess uric acid in blood), leading to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints. It most commonly affects the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint) - causing sudden, severe pain, redness, and swelling. Triggers: high-purine diet (red meat, shellfish, alcohol - especially beer), dehydration, certain medications. Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, allopurinol (reduces uric acid production).

A. A deficiency of calcium in bones

What is the name of the bone that forms the shoulder blade? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Scapula — The Scapula (shoulder blade) is a flat, triangular bone located at the back of the shoulder. It forms part of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle along with the clavicle (collarbone). The scapula has: Glenoid cavity (articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint), Acromion process (articulates with the clavicle), and Coracoid process (attachment for muscles and ligaments). The scapula is embedded in muscles and has great mobility - important for arm movements.

The collarbone is also known as? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Clavicle — The Clavicle is commonly known as the collarbone. It is an S-shaped bone that connects the sternum (breastbone) to the scapula (shoulder blade). The clavicle is the only horizontal long bone in the body, the most commonly fractured bone in the body (often from falls on an outstretched hand), and it acts as a strut that holds the shoulder away from the chest and allows free movement of the arm. It forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton.

What are the bones of the wrist collectively called? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Carpals — The Carpals are the 8 small bones of the wrist, arranged in two rows of four. Mnemonic: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle. Proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform. Distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate. The Scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. Tarsals = ankle bones, Phalanges = finger/toe bones, Metatarsals = foot bones.

What is the function of yellow bone marrow? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Store fat (lipids) — Yellow Bone Marrow is found in the medullary cavity (shaft/diaphysis) of long bones in adults. Its primary function is fat storage - it contains mainly adipocytes (fat cells). Yellow marrow normally does NOT produce blood cells. However, during severe blood loss or anaemia, yellow marrow can convert back to red marrow and resume blood cell production. In children, most bone marrow is red; as we age, red marrow is gradually replaced by yellow marrow.

D. Store calcium and phosphorus only

Which of the following is a long bone? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Femur — Bones are classified by shape: Long bones (Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Fibula, Radius, Ulna, Phalanges) = longer than wide, have shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). Short bones (Carpals, Tarsals) = roughly cube-shaped. Flat bones (Skull bones, Sternum, Scapula, Ribs) = thin and flat, protect organs. Irregular bones (Vertebrae, facial bones) = complex shapes. Sesamoid bones (Patella) = develop within tendons. Long bones act as levers for movement.

What is the epiphyseal plate? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. The growth plate of cartilage in children responsible for bone lengthening — The Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate/Physis) is a layer of hyaline cartilage located between the epiphysis (end) and diaphysis (shaft) of a growing long bone. It is the site where new bone is produced, allowing bones to grow in length during childhood and adolescence. When growth stops (around age 18-25), the plate ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line. Injuries to the growth plate in children can disrupt bone growth.

C. The inner lining of bone marrow cavity

D. The smooth cartilage on joint surfaces

Skeletal System MCQ [ Free PDF Download ] for RRB & SSC and other Competitive exams

Skeletal System MCQ for RRB & SSC and other Competitive exams

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What is a bursa and what is its function?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Medium

✓ Answer: B A small fluid-filled sac near joints that reduces friction between tendons/muscles and bones

A Bursa (plural: Bursae) is a small, fluid-filled sac lined with synovial membrane, located near joints - especially where tendons or muscles pass over bony prominences. Functions: Reduces friction between tendons, muscles, and bones, and acts as a cushion between structures that rub against each other. Bursitis = inflammation of a bursa (common at shoulder, elbow - tennis elbow, knee - housemaid's knee, hip). Common bursae: Subacromial (shoulder), Prepatellar (kneecap), Olecranon (elbow tip), Ischial (sitting bones).

What is Osteomalacia?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Medium

✓ Answer: B Softening of bones in adults due to Vitamin D or calcium deficiency

Osteomalacia (meaning soft bones) is the adult equivalent of Rickets - caused by Vitamin D deficiency leading to inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix. The bone matrix (osteoid) is produced normally but cannot be hardened due to lack of calcium and phosphorus. Symptoms: bone pain and tenderness, muscle weakness, increased risk of fractures, and waddling gait. Treatment: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Causes: inadequate sunlight, malabsorption, kidney/liver disease.

Which of the following is the correct function of the skeleton?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Easy

✓ Answer: B Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production

The 5 major functions of the skeletal system: Support (framework that supports soft tissues and organs), Protection (skull protects brain, rib cage protects heart/lungs, vertebrae protect spinal cord), Movement (bones act as levers; muscles pull on bones to create movement), Mineral Storage (stores calcium 99% and phosphorus 85% of body's total), and Blood Cell Production/Haematopoiesis (red bone marrow produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets). Additional function: Energy storage (yellow bone marrow stores fat/lipids).

Which of the following is the correct order of bones in the upper limb from proximal to distal?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Medium

✓ Answer: B Humerus > Radius/Ulna > Carpals > Metacarpals > Phalanges

The correct proximal to distal order of upper limb bones: Humerus (upper arm - 1 bone), Radius + Ulna (forearm - 2 bones), Carpals (wrist - 8 bones), Metacarpals (palm - 5 bones), and Phalanges (fingers - 14 bones: 3 per finger, 2 for thumb). Similarly for lower limb: Femur > Tibia/Fibula > Tarsals > Metatarsals > Phalanges.

The hyoid bone is unique because?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Hard

✓ Answer: B It is the only bone in the body not articulated with any other bone

The Hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, between the mandible and larynx (at the base of the tongue). It is unique because it is the only bone in the human body that does NOT articulate (joint) with any other bone - it is suspended by muscles and ligaments. Functions: Supports the tongue (tongue muscles attach to it), Assists in swallowing and speech, and Provides attachment for throat and neck muscles. Fracture of the hyoid is associated with strangulation (important in forensic medicine).

What is the name of the process by which cartilage is replaced by bone during development?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Medium

✓ Answer: B Ossification (Osteogenesis)

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process by which bone tissue is formed. Two types: Intramembranous ossification = bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue (no cartilage template) - forms flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle. Endochondral ossification = bone forms by replacing a cartilage template - forms most bones of the body including all long bones. In endochondral ossification, a cartilage model is first formed, then gradually replaced by bone. The epiphyseal growth plate is the site of endochondral ossification in growing children.

What is the name of the tough connective tissue that makes up cartilage?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Hard

✓ Answer: B Chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibres embedded in a gel-like matrix

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue consisting of Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) embedded in a matrix (ground substance). Matrix contains: Chondroitin sulphate (proteoglycan) + Collagen fibres (mainly Type II) + Water (60-80%). Key features: No blood vessels, no nerves, no lymphatics - nutrients diffuse from surrounding perichondrium. Heals very slowly due to avascular nature. Types: Hyaline cartilage (joints, trachea, nose), Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, menisci), and Elastic cartilage (ear, epiglottis).

What is the medical term for the shoulder joint?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Medium

✓ Answer: B Glenohumeral joint

The Glenohumeral joint is the shoulder joint - formed between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It is a ball and socket joint and the most mobile joint in the human body, allowing movement in all planes. Due to its great mobility, it is also the most commonly dislocated joint. Other joint names: Coxofemoral = hip joint, Tibiofemoral = knee joint, Acromioclavicular = joint between acromion and clavicle.

What is the name of the condition in which there is abnormal forward curvature of the lower back?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Medium

✓ Answer: C Lordosis

Spinal curvature abnormalities: Scoliosis = lateral (sideways) curvature - S or C shaped spine. Kyphosis = excessive posterior (backward) curvature of thoracic spine - hunchback/roundback. Lordosis = excessive anterior (forward) curvature of lumbar spine - swayback/saddle back. Normal lumbar lordosis is physiological - abnormal lordosis (hyperlordosis) can cause back pain. Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect where vertebral arches fail to close around the spinal cord.

What is the medical term for the condition of having an extra rib (cervical rib)?

RRB/SSC/UPSC Hard

✓ Answer: B Cervical rib - a supernumerary rib arising from C7 vertebra

A Cervical Rib is a supernumerary (extra) rib that arises from the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) - above the normal first thoracic rib. It occurs in approximately 0.5-1% of the population and is more common in females. Clinical significance: Can compress the brachial plexus (nerves) and subclavian artery causing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS). Symptoms: pain, numbness, tingling in arm and hand, and weakness. May be an incidental finding on X-ray with no symptoms. Treatment: physiotherapy or surgical removal if symptomatic.

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