Which of the following is the primary source of energy for the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Carbohydrates — Carbohydrates are the primary and most readily available source of energy for the human body. They are broken down into glucose, which is used by cells for energy production via cellular respiration. 1 gram of carbohydrate provides 4 kcal of energy. Fats provide 9 kcal/g but are secondary energy sources.

Which nutrient is called the 'building block' of the body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Proteins — Proteins are called the building blocks of the body because they are made of amino acids and are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. They also form enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components like muscles and skin.

How many essential amino acids are there in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 9 — Out of 20 amino acids, 9 are essential amino acids - meaning they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food. They are: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine. The remaining 11 are non-essential (body can make them).

Which of the following is a complete protein source? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Egg — A complete protein contains all 9 essential amino acids in adequate proportions. Eggs are considered the gold standard of complete proteins (Biological Value = 100). Other complete proteins include meat, fish, milk, and soy. Rice, wheat, and lentils are incomplete proteins - they lack one or more essential amino acids.

Which vitamin is produced by the human skin when exposed to sunlight? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin D — Vitamin D (Calciferol) is synthesized in the skin when UV-B rays from sunlight convert 7-dehydrocholesterol into Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol). Vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption, bone health, and immune function. Deficiency causes Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.

Deficiency of Vitamin C causes which disease? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Scurvy — Scurvy is caused by deficiency of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis. Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing, and skin hemorrhages. Scurvy was historically common among sailors who lacked fresh fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits are rich sources of Vitamin C.

Which disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Rickets — Rickets is caused by Vitamin D deficiency in children. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, and its deficiency leads to soft, weak, and deformed bones - resulting in bowed legs and skeletal deformities. In adults, the same deficiency causes Osteomalacia (softening of bones). Severe deficiency in elderly leads to Osteoporosis.

Deficiency of which vitamin causes Night Blindness? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin A — Vitamin A (Retinol) deficiency causes Night Blindness (Nyctalopia). Vitamin A is essential for the synthesis of Rhodopsin (visual purple), a pigment in rod cells of the retina that enables vision in dim light. Severe deficiency leads to Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and eventually complete blindness. Rich sources: carrots, liver, eggs, dairy.

Which of the following vitamins is essential for blood clotting? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin K — Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors (Factor II/Prothrombin, VII, IX, X) in the liver. Deficiency of Vitamin K leads to excessive bleeding and poor clotting (hemorrhage). Vitamin K is also produced by gut bacteria in the large intestine. Newborns are given Vitamin K injections at birth as they lack gut bacteria.

Beriberi is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

A. Vitamin B1 — Beriberi is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Thiamine is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function. There are two types: Wet Beriberi (affects cardiovascular system - heart enlargement, edema) and Dry Beriberi (affects nervous system - muscle weakness, paralysis). Rich sources: whole grains, legumes, nuts.

Which mineral is essential for the formation of haemoglobin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Iron — Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Iron is part of the heme group in haemoglobin. Deficiency of iron leads to Iron Deficiency Anaemia - characterized by fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Rich sources: red meat, spinach, legumes, fortified cereals.

Deficiency of iodine causes which disease? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Goitre — Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3-Triiodothyronine and T4-Thyroxine) by the thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge in an attempt to produce more hormones - this enlargement is called Goitre. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can cause Cretinism in newborns (stunted growth and intellectual disability).

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin E — Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, K (mnemonic: ADEK). They are absorbed along with dietary fats and stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a powerful antioxidant. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) cannot be stored and must be replenished daily. Excess fat-soluble vitamins can cause toxicity (hypervitaminosis).

Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin B3 — Pellagra is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin). It is characterized by the '3 Ds': Dermatitis (skin rash), Diarrhoea, and Dementia. A fourth 'D' - Death - occurs if untreated. Pellagra is common in populations dependent on maize (corn) as staple food, as maize has low available niacin. Rich sources: meat, fish, groundnuts, whole grains.

Which of the following is the main function of dietary fibre? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Aids in digestion and prevents constipation — Dietary fibre (roughage) is the indigestible part of plant foods. It adds bulk to stool, promotes peristalsis, and prevents constipation. It also helps regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Soluble fibre (oats, fruits) lowers cholesterol. Insoluble fibre (whole wheat, vegetables) promotes bowel regularity. Fibre is NOT digested and provides NO calories.

Which mineral is essential for strong bones and teeth? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Calcium — Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. About 99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth, giving them strength and hardness. The remaining 1% is in the blood and is vital for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption. Deficiency leads to Osteoporosis and Tetany.

Which of the following vitamins is also known as Retinol? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Vitamin A — Vitamin A is also called Retinol because of its role in the retina of the eye. It is essential for vision (especially night vision), immune function, skin health, and growth. It is a fat-soluble vitamin found in liver, eggs, dairy, and as beta-carotene (provitamin A) in orange/yellow vegetables and leafy greens.

Which of the following is the best source of Vitamin B12? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Animal products (meat eggs dairy) — Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is found almost exclusively in animal-derived foods - meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. It is NOT found in plant foods (making strict vegans at high risk of deficiency). Deficiency causes Megaloblastic Anaemia and neurological damage. Vegans must take B12 supplements or eat B12-fortified foods.

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin C — Water-soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and all B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12). They dissolve in water, are NOT stored in the body, and excess amounts are excreted in urine. This is why daily intake is important but toxicity is rare. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in body fat and can cause toxicity in excess.

Deficiency of Vitamin B2 causes which condition? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Ariboflavinosis — Ariboflavinosis is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). Symptoms include cracked lips (cheilosis), inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), sore throat, and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Riboflavin plays a key role in energy metabolism (part of FAD and FMN coenzymes). Rich sources: milk, eggs, leafy vegetables, meat.

Which of the following is also known as Ascorbic Acid? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin C — Vitamin C is chemically known as Ascorbic Acid. It is a powerful antioxidant, essential for collagen synthesis, wound healing, iron absorption, and immune function. It is water-soluble and heat-sensitive - cooking destroys Vitamin C. Deficiency causes Scurvy. Best sources: citrus fruits, amla, guava, capsicum, strawberries.

Fluoride is important for which part of the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Teeth and bones — Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent dental caries (tooth decay) by making teeth more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria. It is also incorporated into bone structure. Fluoride deficiency leads to dental caries. However, excess fluoride (Fluorosis) causes mottled teeth and skeletal damage. Fluoride is added to drinking water and toothpaste in controlled amounts.

Which of the following nutrients is NOT a source of energy? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Minerals — Minerals (like calcium, iron, iodine, zinc) do NOT provide energy (0 kcal/g). They are micronutrients that regulate body functions, build bones, carry oxygen, and support enzyme activity. Energy-providing macronutrients are Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), Proteins (4 kcal/g), and Fats (9 kcal/g). Water and fibre also provide no energy.

Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of calcium in the body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin D — Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine. Without adequate Vitamin D, even a calcium-rich diet will not be properly absorbed. This is why Vitamin D deficiency leads to bone disorders even when calcium intake is adequate. Vitamin D is obtained from sunlight, fish liver oils, and fortified foods.

Which of the following is the chemical name of Vitamin B1? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Thiamine — Vitamin B-complex chemical names: B1 = Thiamine (deficiency: Beriberi), B2 = Riboflavin (deficiency: Ariboflavinosis), B3 = Niacin (deficiency: Pellagra), B6 = Pyridoxine (deficiency: Anaemia, neuritis), B9 = Folic Acid (deficiency: Neural tube defects), B12 = Cobalamin (deficiency: Pernicious Anaemia).

Marasmus is caused by deficiency of which nutrients? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Both Calories and Proteins — Marasmus is a severe form of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) caused by deficiency of both calories and proteins. It occurs mainly in infants and young children. Symptoms include severe muscle wasting, extreme thinness (emaciation), and growth retardation. Unlike Kwashiorkor, there is NO oedema in Marasmus. It is common in areas with food scarcity.

Which of the following is the function of Vitamin E? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Antioxidant function - protects cells from oxidative damage — Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals (oxidative stress). It also supports immune function and skin health. Deficiency is rare but can cause haemolytic anaemia and neurological problems, especially in premature infants. Rich sources: nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables.

Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamins — Macronutrients are nutrients required in large amounts and provide energy: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins. Micronutrients are required in small amounts and include Vitamins and Minerals - they do not provide energy but regulate body functions. Water is sometimes called the 'forgotten nutrient' - it's a macronutrient by quantity but provides no energy.

Zinc deficiency in the body causes which of the following conditions? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Impaired growth and delayed wound healing — Zinc is essential for growth, immune function, wound healing, enzyme activity, and DNA synthesis. Zinc deficiency causes stunted growth (dwarfism), delayed sexual maturation, poor wound healing, loss of taste and smell (ageusia/anosmia), and impaired immunity. It is especially important in children. Rich sources: meat, shellfish, legumes, seeds, nuts.

Which of the following is the best dietary source of Omega-3 fatty acids? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Fatty fish (salmon sardines) — Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize. The best sources are fatty fish like salmon, sardines, mackerel, and tuna. Plant sources include flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. Omega-3s reduce inflammation, lower triglycerides, and support heart and brain health. Deficiency increases risk of cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following is a deficiency disease caused by lack of Vitamin A in children? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Xerophthalmia — Xerophthalmia is a progressive eye disease caused by Vitamin A deficiency. It starts with night blindness, progresses to Bitot's spots (white foamy patches on conjunctiva), then corneal ulceration (keratomalacia), and finally irreversible blindness. Xerophthalmia is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness globally.

Which of the following correctly pairs a vitamin with its deficiency disease? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin A > Night Blindness — Correct vitamin-deficiency pairs: Vitamin A > Night Blindness/Xerophthalmia, Vitamin B1 > Beriberi, Vitamin B3 > Pellagra, Vitamin C > Scurvy, Vitamin D > Rickets (children)/Osteomalacia (adults), Vitamin K > Bleeding disorders, Vitamin B12 > Pernicious Anaemia.

Calcium absorption in the body is hindered by excess of which substance? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Oxalic acid — Oxalic acid (Oxalate), found in spinach, beets, and cocoa, binds with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate - this prevents calcium absorption in the intestine. Similarly, Phytic acid (in whole grains and legumes) also inhibits mineral absorption. This is why eating spinach alone is not an ideal calcium source despite its calcium content.

Which of the following is the function of Vitamin K in the body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Blood coagulation (clotting) — Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors (Prothrombin/Factor II, VII, IX, X) in the liver. Without Vitamin K, the blood cannot clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding. It is also involved in bone metabolism (activates osteocalcin). Vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria and found in green leafy vegetables.

Which of the following is the chemical name of Vitamin B3? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Niacin — Vitamin B3 is chemically known as Niacin (Nicotinic Acid). It plays a vital role in energy metabolism as a component of NAD and NADP coenzymes. It also supports DNA repair and skin health. Deficiency causes Pellagra (3 Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia). Niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid Tryptophan in the body (60 mg Tryptophan = 1 mg Niacin).

Nutritions MCQ [ Free PDF Download ] for RRB & SSC and other Competitive exams

Nutritions MCQ for RRB & SSC and other Competitive exams

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Which of the following is not a function of proteins?

✓ Answer: B Primary source of energy

Proteins are NOT the primary energy source - carbohydrates are. Proteins are used for energy only when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient. The primary functions of proteins are: building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, forming antibodies, carrying oxygen (haemoglobin), structural roles (collagen, keratin), and maintaining fluid balance.

Which of the following is the richest source of Vitamin C?

✓ Answer: C Amla (Indian Gooseberry)

Amla (Indian Gooseberry / Phyllanthus emblica) is one of the richest known natural sources of Vitamin C, containing approximately 600-700 mg per 100 g - about 20 times more than oranges. Other good sources include citrus fruits, guava, capsicum, and kiwi. Vitamin C is water-soluble and heat-sensitive.

Which nutrient is the most abundant in the human body?

✓ Answer: C Water

Water constitutes approximately 60-70% of the human body weight, making it the most abundant nutrient. It is essential for all metabolic reactions, temperature regulation, nutrient transport, waste elimination, and joint lubrication. The daily recommended water intake is about 2-3 litres. Dehydration can impair cognitive function, physical performance, and organ function.

Sodium in the diet is essential for which of the following functions?

✓ Answer: B Fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission

Sodium (Na+) is the primary extracellular cation. It is essential for maintaining fluid balance (osmotic regulation), nerve impulse transmission (action potential), muscle contraction, and acid-base balance. Excess sodium raises blood pressure (hypertension). The WHO recommends less than 5 g of salt per day. Primary source: table salt (NaCl).

Which disease is caused by protein deficiency in children?

✓ Answer: B Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is caused by severe protein deficiency (with adequate calorie intake) in children, typically after weaning. Symptoms include oedema (swollen belly), skin lesions, hair discolouration, and liver enlargement. Marasmus is caused by overall calorie and protein deficiency (severe wasting). Both are forms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM).

Which of the following is the deficiency disease of Vitamin B9?

✓ Answer: C Neural Tube Defects and Megaloblastic Anaemia

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid / Folate) deficiency during pregnancy causes Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) like Spina Bifida in the fetus. In adults, it causes Megaloblastic Anaemia (large, immature red blood cells). Folic acid supplementation is strongly recommended before and during early pregnancy. Rich sources: green leafy vegetables, legumes, fortified cereals.

Which of the following is a good plant-based source of protein?

✓ Answer: B Lentils (Dal)

Lentils (Dal) are one of the best plant-based protein sources, containing approximately 9g of protein per 100g (cooked). Other good plant-based proteins include chickpeas, soybeans, tofu, quinoa, nuts, and seeds. However, most plant proteins are incomplete (lacking one or more essential amino acids), except soy and quinoa, which are complete proteins.

Which nutrient provides the most energy per gram?

✓ Answer: C Fats

Energy values per gram: Fats = 9 kcal/g (highest), Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g, Proteins = 4 kcal/g, Vitamins and minerals = 0 kcal/g (no energy). Fats provide more than double the energy of carbohydrates and proteins, making them the most energy-dense macronutrient.

Which of the following minerals is essential for thyroid hormone production?

✓ Answer: C Iodine

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones - Thyroxine (T4) contains 4 iodine atoms and Triiodothyronine (T3) contains 3. These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency causes Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland). Iodized salt is used to prevent iodine deficiency disorders globally.

Hypervitaminosis is a condition caused by?

✓ Answer: B Excess intake of fat-soluble vitamins

Hypervitaminosis is toxicity caused by excess accumulation of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) in the body's fatty tissues and liver. Since they are not easily excreted (unlike water-soluble vitamins), they accumulate and become toxic. Hypervitaminosis A causes liver damage and headaches. Hypervitaminosis D causes calcium deposits in soft tissues.

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