Which of the following is the primary source of energy for the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Carbohydrates — Carbohydrates are the primary and most readily available source of energy for the human body. They are broken down into glucose, which is used by cells for energy production via cellular respiration. 1 gram of carbohydrate provides 4 kcal of energy. Fats provide 9 kcal/g but are secondary energy sources.

Which nutrient is called the 'building block' of the body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Proteins — Proteins are called the building blocks of the body because they are made of amino acids and are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. They also form enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components like muscles and skin.

How many essential amino acids are there in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. 9 — Out of 20 amino acids, 9 are essential amino acids - meaning they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food. They are: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine. The remaining 11 are non-essential (body can make them).

Which of the following is a complete protein source? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Egg — A complete protein contains all 9 essential amino acids in adequate proportions. Eggs are considered the gold standard of complete proteins (Biological Value = 100). Other complete proteins include meat, fish, milk, and soy. Rice, wheat, and lentils are incomplete proteins - they lack one or more essential amino acids.

Which vitamin is produced by the human skin when exposed to sunlight? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin D — Vitamin D (Calciferol) is synthesized in the skin when UV-B rays from sunlight convert 7-dehydrocholesterol into Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol). Vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption, bone health, and immune function. Deficiency causes Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.

Deficiency of Vitamin C causes which disease? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Scurvy — Scurvy is caused by deficiency of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis. Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing, and skin hemorrhages. Scurvy was historically common among sailors who lacked fresh fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits are rich sources of Vitamin C.

Which disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Rickets — Rickets is caused by Vitamin D deficiency in children. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, and its deficiency leads to soft, weak, and deformed bones - resulting in bowed legs and skeletal deformities. In adults, the same deficiency causes Osteomalacia (softening of bones). Severe deficiency in elderly leads to Osteoporosis.

Deficiency of which vitamin causes Night Blindness? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin A — Vitamin A (Retinol) deficiency causes Night Blindness (Nyctalopia). Vitamin A is essential for the synthesis of Rhodopsin (visual purple), a pigment in rod cells of the retina that enables vision in dim light. Severe deficiency leads to Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and eventually complete blindness. Rich sources: carrots, liver, eggs, dairy.

Which of the following vitamins is essential for blood clotting? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin K — Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors (Factor II/Prothrombin, VII, IX, X) in the liver. Deficiency of Vitamin K leads to excessive bleeding and poor clotting (hemorrhage). Vitamin K is also produced by gut bacteria in the large intestine. Newborns are given Vitamin K injections at birth as they lack gut bacteria.

Beriberi is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

A. Vitamin B1 — Beriberi is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Thiamine is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function. There are two types: Wet Beriberi (affects cardiovascular system - heart enlargement, edema) and Dry Beriberi (affects nervous system - muscle weakness, paralysis). Rich sources: whole grains, legumes, nuts.

Which mineral is essential for the formation of haemoglobin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Iron — Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Iron is part of the heme group in haemoglobin. Deficiency of iron leads to Iron Deficiency Anaemia - characterized by fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Rich sources: red meat, spinach, legumes, fortified cereals.

Deficiency of iodine causes which disease? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Goitre — Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3-Triiodothyronine and T4-Thyroxine) by the thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge in an attempt to produce more hormones - this enlargement is called Goitre. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can cause Cretinism in newborns (stunted growth and intellectual disability).

Which of the following is the richest source of Vitamin C? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Amla (Indian Gooseberry) — Amla (Indian Gooseberry / Phyllanthus emblica) is one of the richest known natural sources of Vitamin C, containing approximately 600-700 mg per 100 g - about 20 times more than oranges. Other good sources include citrus fruits, guava, capsicum, and kiwi. Vitamin C is water-soluble and heat-sensitive.

Which disease is caused by protein deficiency in children? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Kwashiorkor — Kwashiorkor is caused by severe protein deficiency (with adequate calorie intake) in children, typically after weaning. Symptoms include oedema (swollen belly), skin lesions, hair discolouration, and liver enlargement. Marasmus is caused by overall calorie and protein deficiency (severe wasting). Both are forms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM).

Which nutrient provides the most energy per gram? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Fats — Energy values per gram: Fats = 9 kcal/g (highest), Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g, Proteins = 4 kcal/g, Vitamins and minerals = 0 kcal/g (no energy). Fats provide more than double the energy of carbohydrates and proteins, making them the most energy-dense macronutrient.

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin E — Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, K (mnemonic: ADEK). They are absorbed along with dietary fats and stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a powerful antioxidant. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) cannot be stored and must be replenished daily. Excess fat-soluble vitamins can cause toxicity (hypervitaminosis).

Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin B3 — Pellagra is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin). It is characterized by the '3 Ds': Dermatitis (skin rash), Diarrhoea, and Dementia. A fourth 'D' - Death - occurs if untreated. Pellagra is common in populations dependent on maize (corn) as staple food, as maize has low available niacin. Rich sources: meat, fish, groundnuts, whole grains.

Which of the following is the main function of dietary fibre? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Aids in digestion and prevents constipation — Dietary fibre (roughage) is the indigestible part of plant foods. It adds bulk to stool, promotes peristalsis, and prevents constipation. It also helps regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Soluble fibre (oats, fruits) lowers cholesterol. Insoluble fibre (whole wheat, vegetables) promotes bowel regularity. Fibre is NOT digested and provides NO calories.

Which mineral is essential for strong bones and teeth? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Calcium — Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. About 99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth, giving them strength and hardness. The remaining 1% is in the blood and is vital for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption. Deficiency leads to Osteoporosis and Tetany.

Which of the following vitamins is also known as Retinol? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Vitamin A — Vitamin A is also called Retinol because of its role in the retina of the eye. It is essential for vision (especially night vision), immune function, skin health, and growth. It is a fat-soluble vitamin found in liver, eggs, dairy, and as beta-carotene (provitamin A) in orange/yellow vegetables and leafy greens.

Which of the following is the best source of Vitamin B12? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Animal products (meat eggs dairy) — Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is found almost exclusively in animal-derived foods - meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. It is NOT found in plant foods (making strict vegans at high risk of deficiency). Deficiency causes Megaloblastic Anaemia and neurological damage. Vegans must take B12 supplements or eat B12-fortified foods.

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin C — Water-soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and all B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12). They dissolve in water, are NOT stored in the body, and excess amounts are excreted in urine. This is why daily intake is important but toxicity is rare. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in body fat and can cause toxicity in excess.

Deficiency of Vitamin B2 causes which condition? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Ariboflavinosis — Ariboflavinosis is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). Symptoms include cracked lips (cheilosis), inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), sore throat, and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Riboflavin plays a key role in energy metabolism (part of FAD and FMN coenzymes). Rich sources: milk, eggs, leafy vegetables, meat.

Which of the following is also known as Ascorbic Acid? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin C — Vitamin C is chemically known as Ascorbic Acid. It is a powerful antioxidant, essential for collagen synthesis, wound healing, iron absorption, and immune function. It is water-soluble and heat-sensitive - cooking destroys Vitamin C. Deficiency causes Scurvy. Best sources: citrus fruits, amla, guava, capsicum, strawberries.

Fluoride is important for which part of the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Teeth and bones — Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent dental caries (tooth decay) by making teeth more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria. It is also incorporated into bone structure. Fluoride deficiency leads to dental caries. However, excess fluoride (Fluorosis) causes mottled teeth and skeletal damage. Fluoride is added to drinking water and toothpaste in controlled amounts.

Which of the following nutrients is NOT a source of energy? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Minerals — Minerals (like calcium, iron, iodine, zinc) do NOT provide energy (0 kcal/g). They are micronutrients that regulate body functions, build bones, carry oxygen, and support enzyme activity. Energy-providing macronutrients are Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), Proteins (4 kcal/g), and Fats (9 kcal/g). Water and fibre also provide no energy.

Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of calcium in the body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamin D — Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine. Without adequate Vitamin D, even a calcium-rich diet will not be properly absorbed. This is why Vitamin D deficiency leads to bone disorders even when calcium intake is adequate. Vitamin D is obtained from sunlight, fish liver oils, and fortified foods.

Which of the following is the chemical name of Vitamin B1? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Thiamine — Vitamin B-complex chemical names: B1 = Thiamine (deficiency: Beriberi), B2 = Riboflavin (deficiency: Ariboflavinosis), B3 = Niacin (deficiency: Pellagra), B6 = Pyridoxine (deficiency: Anaemia, neuritis), B9 = Folic Acid (deficiency: Neural tube defects), B12 = Cobalamin (deficiency: Pernicious Anaemia).

Which nutrient is the most abundant in the human body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Water — Water constitutes approximately 60-70% of the human body weight, making it the most abundant nutrient. It is essential for all metabolic reactions, temperature regulation, nutrient transport, waste elimination, and joint lubrication. The daily recommended water intake is about 2-3 litres. Dehydration can impair cognitive function, physical performance, and organ function.

Which of the following is the deficiency disease of Vitamin B9? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Neural Tube Defects and Megaloblastic Anaemia — Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid / Folate) deficiency during pregnancy causes Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) like Spina Bifida in the fetus. In adults, it causes Megaloblastic Anaemia (large, immature red blood cells). Folic acid supplementation is strongly recommended before and during early pregnancy. Rich sources: green leafy vegetables, legumes, fortified cereals.

Which of the following minerals is essential for thyroid hormone production? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Iodine — Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones - Thyroxine (T4) contains 4 iodine atoms and Triiodothyronine (T3) contains 3. These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency causes Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland). Iodized salt is used to prevent iodine deficiency disorders globally.

Marasmus is caused by deficiency of which nutrients? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Both Calories and Proteins — Marasmus is a severe form of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) caused by deficiency of both calories and proteins. It occurs mainly in infants and young children. Symptoms include severe muscle wasting, extreme thinness (emaciation), and growth retardation. Unlike Kwashiorkor, there is NO oedema in Marasmus. It is common in areas with food scarcity.

Which of the following is the function of Vitamin E? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Antioxidant function - protects cells from oxidative damage — Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals (oxidative stress). It also supports immune function and skin health. Deficiency is rare but can cause haemolytic anaemia and neurological problems, especially in premature infants. Rich sources: nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables.

Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

D. Vitamins — Macronutrients are nutrients required in large amounts and provide energy: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins. Micronutrients are required in small amounts and include Vitamins and Minerals - they do not provide energy but regulate body functions. Water is sometimes called the 'forgotten nutrient' - it's a macronutrient by quantity but provides no energy.

Zinc deficiency in the body causes which of the following conditions? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Impaired growth and delayed wound healing — Zinc is essential for growth, immune function, wound healing, enzyme activity, and DNA synthesis. Zinc deficiency causes stunted growth (dwarfism), delayed sexual maturation, poor wound healing, loss of taste and smell (ageusia/anosmia), and impaired immunity. It is especially important in children. Rich sources: meat, shellfish, legumes, seeds, nuts.

Which of the following is the best dietary source of Omega-3 fatty acids? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Fatty fish (salmon sardines) — Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize. The best sources are fatty fish like salmon, sardines, mackerel, and tuna. Plant sources include flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. Omega-3s reduce inflammation, lower triglycerides, and support heart and brain health. Deficiency increases risk of cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following is a deficiency disease caused by lack of Vitamin A in children? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

B. Xerophthalmia — Xerophthalmia is a progressive eye disease caused by Vitamin A deficiency. It starts with night blindness, progresses to Bitot's spots (white foamy patches on conjunctiva), then corneal ulceration (keratomalacia), and finally irreversible blindness. Xerophthalmia is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness globally.

Which of the following correctly pairs a vitamin with its deficiency disease? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Vitamin A > Night Blindness — Correct vitamin-deficiency pairs: Vitamin A > Night Blindness/Xerophthalmia, Vitamin B1 > Beriberi, Vitamin B3 > Pellagra, Vitamin C > Scurvy, Vitamin D > Rickets (children)/Osteomalacia (adults), Vitamin K > Bleeding disorders, Vitamin B12 > Pernicious Anaemia.

Calcium absorption in the body is hindered by excess of which substance? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Oxalic acid — Oxalic acid (Oxalate), found in spinach, beets, and cocoa, binds with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate - this prevents calcium absorption in the intestine. Similarly, Phytic acid (in whole grains and legumes) also inhibits mineral absorption. This is why eating spinach alone is not an ideal calcium source despite its calcium content.

Which of the following is the function of Vitamin K in the body? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Blood coagulation (clotting) — Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors (Prothrombin/Factor II, VII, IX, X) in the liver. Without Vitamin K, the blood cannot clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding. It is also involved in bone metabolism (activates osteocalcin). Vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria and found in green leafy vegetables.

Which of the following is the chemical name of Vitamin B3? — Electrical Engineering MCQ

C. Niacin — Vitamin B3 is chemically known as Niacin (Nicotinic Acid). It plays a vital role in energy metabolism as a component of NAD and NADP coenzymes. It also supports DNA repair and skin health. Deficiency causes Pellagra (3 Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia). Niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid Tryptophan in the body (60 mg Tryptophan = 1 mg Niacin).

Nutritions MCQ [ Free PDF Download ] for RRB & SSC and other Competitive exams

Nutritions MCQ for RRB & SSC and other Competitive exams

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Which of the following is the function of potassium in the body?

✓ Answer: B Regulating fluid balance and heart rhythm

Potassium (K+) is the primary intracellular cation. It is essential for: Fluid and electrolyte balance, Nerve impulse transmission, Muscle contraction - especially heart muscle (cardiac rhythm), and Blood pressure regulation (opposes sodium's effects). Low potassium (Hypokalaemia) can cause dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. Rich sources: bananas, potatoes, oranges, spinach, legumes.

Which of the following is the most important antioxidant vitamin?

✓ Answer: C Vitamin E

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is considered the most important fat-soluble antioxidant. It protects cell membranes from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C is the major water-soluble antioxidant. Together, Vitamins C and E, along with beta-carotene (Vitamin A precursor) and selenium, form the body's primary antioxidant defense system.

Selenium in the body acts as?

✓ Answer: C An antioxidant (component of glutathione peroxidase)

Selenium is a trace mineral that functions as an antioxidant as a component of the enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase, which neutralizes harmful peroxides and protects cells from oxidative damage. It also supports thyroid function (converts T4 to active T3) and immune function. Deficiency causes Keshan disease (cardiomyopathy) and Kashin-Beck disease (joint disorder). Rich sources: Brazil nuts, seafood, meat.

Which of the following is the correct statement about dietary cholesterol?

✓ Answer: D Cholesterol is essential for hormone synthesis and cell membrane structure

Cholesterol is essential for: Cell membrane structure and fluidity, Steroid hormone synthesis (testosterone, oestrogen, cortisol), Vitamin D synthesis, and Bile acid production (for fat digestion). The body produces its own cholesterol (endogenous) in the liver - about 75% of total cholesterol. Only 25% comes from diet. Cholesterol is found only in animal products. High LDL cholesterol (not dietary cholesterol per se) is linked to heart disease.

Which of the following is the richest source of Vitamin D from food?

✓ Answer: C Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is the richest dietary source of Vitamin D, containing approximately 250 mcg (10,000 IU) per 100g. Other good food sources include fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), egg yolks, and fortified foods (milk, cereals). Sunlight remains the primary source of Vitamin D for most people. Cod liver oil also provides Vitamin A and Omega-3 fatty acids.

Which of the following is associated with excess sodium intake?

✓ Answer: C Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Excess sodium intake is strongly linked to hypertension (high blood pressure). High sodium causes water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure on vessel walls. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. The WHO recommends less than 5g of salt (2g sodium) per day. Reducing salt intake is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention.

What is the term for nutrients required in large amounts?

✓ Answer: B Macronutrients

Macronutrients are nutrients required in large quantities (grams per day) that provide energy and structural components. They include: Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), Proteins (4 kcal/g), Fats (9 kcal/g), and Water (large quantities, no energy). Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are required in milligrams or micrograms per day and do not provide energy but are essential for metabolism.

Which of the following correctly defines the term 'Bioavailability' in nutrition?

✓ Answer: B The proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a nutrient that is digested, absorbed, and actually used by the body. Not all nutrients in food are fully absorbed. For example: Heme iron (meat) has ~25% bioavailability vs non-heme iron (plants) at 5-15%. Vitamin C enhances iron bioavailability. Phytates and oxalates reduce mineral bioavailability. Bioavailability depends on food composition, cooking method, health status, and other nutrients consumed together.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for nutrients is set by which organization in India?

✓ Answer: C ICMR

In India, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for nutrients are set by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) through its National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) based in Hyderabad. ICMR publishes 'Dietary Guidelines for Indians.' Globally, WHO sets international nutrition standards. FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) regulates food safety in India.

Which of the following correctly pairs a food source with its primary nutrient?

✓ Answer: B Carrot > Vitamin A (Beta-carotene)

Correct food-nutrient pairs: Milk > Calcium and Vitamin B12 (not Vitamin C), Carrot > Beta-carotene (Provitamin A), Lemon > Vitamin C (not Calcium), Liver > Vitamin A, Iron, Vitamin B12 (not only Vitamin D). Carrots are orange due to beta-carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A in the body. This is a very frequently asked food-nutrient pair in RRB and SSC exams.

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